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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00218_Field_frep40.txt
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1996-12-30
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Color requires our specifying
three variables; to any color
there corresponds a triplet of
numbers, and we can think of
any color as occupying a point
in three-dimensional space.
Top: Land's original formulation
of the color-constancy problem
seems to call for three kinds of
cells, which compare the
activation of a given set of
cones (red, green, or blue) in
one region of retina with the
average activation of the same
set in the surround. The result
is three numbers, which
specify the color at the region.
Thus yellow, brown, dark gray,
and olive green each has a
corresponding triplet of
numbers. We can therefore plot
colors in a color space specified
by three axes, for red, green,
and blue. Bottom: A
mathematically equivalent
system also gives three
numbers, and is probably closer
to the way the brain specifies
color. At any point on the
retina, we can speak of red-
greenness, the reading an
instrument would give if it
were to record the relative
stimulation of red and green
cones (zero for yellow or white).
This value is determined for a
particular region, and an
average value is determined for
the surround; then the ratio is
taken. The process is repeated
for yellow-blueness and black-
whiteness. These three figures
together are enough to specify
any color.
We can plot points in such a
space in more than one way.
The coordinate system can be
Cartesian, with the three axes
orthogonal and oriented in any
direction or we can use polar or
cylindrical coordinates. The
Hering theory (and apparently
the retina and brain) simply
employ a different set of axes to
plot the same space. This is
doubtless an oversimplification
because the blob cells making
up the three classes are not like
peas in pods but vary among
themselves in the relative
strengths of surrounds and
centers, in their perfections in
the balance between opponent
colors, and in other
characteristics, some still not
understood. At the moment, we
can only say that the
physiology has a striking
affinity with the
psychophysics.
You may ask why the brain
should go to the trouble to plot
color with these seemingly
weird axes rather than with the
more straightforward r, g, and b
axes, the way the receptor layer
of the retina does. Presumably,
color vision was added in
evolution to the colorless
vision characteristic of lower
mammals. For such animals,
color space was one-
dimensional, with all cone
types (if the animal had more
than one) pooled. When color
vision evolved, two more axes
were added to the one already
present. It would make more
sense to do that than to throw
out the pooled system already
present for black-white and
then have to erect three new
ones. When we adapt to the dark
and are using only our rods, our
vision becomes colorless and is
again plotted along one axis, to
which the rods evidently
contribute. That would not be
easy to do with r, g, and b axes.